The result was an influx of attacks targeted at PC users and the Windows operating system. However, the times are changing. Mac OS X's market share is now at eight percent, almost double what it was seven years ago- and as a result, cybercriminals are taking notice and setting their sights on Apple. This page is to serve as a resource for Oklahoma to find cybersecurity information related to the COVID-19 virus. Enabling Mac OS Updates on a Personal Computer. Protecting against coronavirus themed phishing attacks.
Science
According to British neurologists, COVID-19 can cause serious damage to the brain and central nervous system. Such damage can lead to psychosis, paralysis and strokes, which are often detected in their late stages.
There are numerous signs that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 not only attacks the lungs and respiratory tract, but also other organs on a massive scale.It can severely affect the heart, vessels, nerves, kidneys, and skin.
British neurologists have now published shocking details in the journal 'Brain,' which suggests SARS-CoV-2 can cause severe brain damage — even in patients with mild symptoms or those in recovery. Often this damage is detected very late or not at all.
Neurologists at the University College London (UCL) diagnosed acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in nine British COVID-19 patients. This inflammatory disease causes a degenerative destruction of the central nervous system, affecting the myelin sheaths of the nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
Different degrees of damage
Of the 43 patients examined, 12 suffered from inflammation of the central nervous system, 10 from a transient encephalopathy (brain disease) with delirium or psychosis, eight from strokes, and a further eight from problems of the peripheral nerves, mostly with the diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome. This is an immune reaction that attacks the nerves and causes paralysis and is fatal in 5% of cases. A 59-year-old woman died of the complication.
Scientists have never before seen another virus attack the brain in the same way COVID-19 does, points out Dr. Michael Zandi. He is a lead author of the study, as well as a consultant at UCL Hospitals. What is unusual is the severe brain damage even in patients with mild symptoms.
Damage often goes unrecognized
The cases now published confirm fears that COVID-19 is causing long-term health problems in some patients. Many patients remain breathless and tired long after their recovery. Other recovering patients suffer from numbness, weakness, and memory problems.
Biologically, ADEM has some similarities to multiple sclerosis, but it is more severe and usually occurs only once. Some patients will be left with a long-term disability, while others will recover well, explains Michael Zandi.
The entire spectrum of brain diseases and long lasting side effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 may not yet have been recorded, said Zandi, because many patients in hospitals are too sick to be examined with brain scanners or other methods.
MRI scan of brain
When Covid Attacks Mac Os 7
Neurological damage or late effects are partly not detected or are detected too late due to overload
'We would like to draw the attention of physicians around the world to these complications of the coronavirus,' said Zandi. Physicians and medical staff should always consult a neurologist for patients with cognitive symptoms, memory problems, fatigue, numbness, or weakness.
Shocking case studies
Also published were touching individual stories, for example of a 47-year-old woman who suddenly felt headaches and numbness in her right hand after a week of coughing and fever. In the hospital she became fatigued and unresponsive. During an emergency operation, part of her skull had to be removed to relieve the pressure on her swollen brain.
Another 55-year-old patient without any previous mental illness began to behave strangely the day after being discharged from the hospital. For example, she put on and took off her coat several times in a row. She also began to hallucinate — seeing monkeys and lions in her house. Back at the hospital she was given antipsychotic medication.
The Spanish flu was an influenza pandemic that killed between 20 and 50 million people, according to the WHO
The Spanish flu was an influenza pandemic that killed between 20 and 50 million people, according to the WHO
Thousands of cases of brain damage, even with Spanish flu
British neurologists fear that COVID-19 could leave subtle brain damage in some patients, which will only become apparent in the coming years. According to the study, there were similar long lasting side effects discovered in those who recovered from the devastating Spanish flu in 1918, in which up to one million people probably suffered brain damage.
'Of course, we hope that this won't happen, but when you have such a large pandemic affecting such a large part of the population, we have to be vigilant,' said Dr. Michael Zandi of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology.
Seven facts about brain injuries
The NFL's first CTE diagnosis
'Iron Mike' Webster won four Super Bowls as a center for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s. However, after his career ended, the many hits to the head that he had received as a football player took their toll on his health. He died in 2002 at the age of just 50. After his death, Webster was diagnosed as having had chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease.
Seven facts about brain injuries
A Hollywood film
Bennet Omalu, a forensic neuropathologist (pictured above, second from left) was the first to diagnose CTE in Webster and other former NFL players. He continued his research despite widespread and strong resistance to his findings. In 2015 director Peter Landesmann (above, right) directed the film 'Concussion,' in which actor Will Smith (left) played Omalu.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Gradual changes to the brain
Symptoms such as loss of speech, depression and dementia, which can be an indication of CTE, were first observed in boxers decades ago. Repeated blows to the head release the tau protein which accumulates in the brain. Those affected can experience changes to their personality, problems with aggression and even become susceptible to thoughts of suicide.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Suicide and a final wish
Between 2008 and 2015 Terry Long, Tom McHale, Jovan Belcher, Adrian Robinson and Junior Seau were among the former NFL players who committed suicide. In 2011, Dave Duerson, a former safety, shot himself through the heart instead of in the head. In his suicide note he asked that his brain be examined to see if he had CTE. Doctors found clear signs that he had had the disease.
Seven facts about brain injuries
The biggest stage
Head injuries occur in soccer as well. In the final of the 2014 World Cup in Rio de Janeiro, German midfielder Christoph Kramer was knocked out. He soldiered on for 14 minutes after the injury, which was a big risk, because a second hit shortly afterwards increases the danger of long-term damage. Even now, there is no universally agreed procedure for diagnosing brain injuries on the sidelines.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Risk varies by position
Brain injuries in soccer tend to occur when two players clash heads when going for ball or as the result of an elbow to the head. A recent study by the Federal Institute of Sports Sciences has found that the risk of head injury in soccer varies according to a player's position. Defenders are most at risk, followed by midfielders and strikers. The risk is by far the lowest for goalkeepers.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Which is the worst sport for concussions?
A study conducted by the Federal Institute for Sports Sciences, showed that rugby players are at the highest risk among athletes of suffering concussion. They are followed by American football players, ice hockey players and basketball players. Brain injuries are not as common in soccer, but in Germany, where it is the biggest sport, in absolute terms, it is where the most concussions occur.
'Of course, we hope that this won't happen, but when you have such a large pandemic affecting such a large part of the population, we have to be vigilant,' said Dr. Michael Zandi of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology.
Seven facts about brain injuries
The NFL's first CTE diagnosis
'Iron Mike' Webster won four Super Bowls as a center for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s. However, after his career ended, the many hits to the head that he had received as a football player took their toll on his health. He died in 2002 at the age of just 50. After his death, Webster was diagnosed as having had chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease.
Seven facts about brain injuries
A Hollywood film
Bennet Omalu, a forensic neuropathologist (pictured above, second from left) was the first to diagnose CTE in Webster and other former NFL players. He continued his research despite widespread and strong resistance to his findings. In 2015 director Peter Landesmann (above, right) directed the film 'Concussion,' in which actor Will Smith (left) played Omalu.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Gradual changes to the brain
Symptoms such as loss of speech, depression and dementia, which can be an indication of CTE, were first observed in boxers decades ago. Repeated blows to the head release the tau protein which accumulates in the brain. Those affected can experience changes to their personality, problems with aggression and even become susceptible to thoughts of suicide.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Suicide and a final wish
Between 2008 and 2015 Terry Long, Tom McHale, Jovan Belcher, Adrian Robinson and Junior Seau were among the former NFL players who committed suicide. In 2011, Dave Duerson, a former safety, shot himself through the heart instead of in the head. In his suicide note he asked that his brain be examined to see if he had CTE. Doctors found clear signs that he had had the disease.
Seven facts about brain injuries
The biggest stage
Head injuries occur in soccer as well. In the final of the 2014 World Cup in Rio de Janeiro, German midfielder Christoph Kramer was knocked out. He soldiered on for 14 minutes after the injury, which was a big risk, because a second hit shortly afterwards increases the danger of long-term damage. Even now, there is no universally agreed procedure for diagnosing brain injuries on the sidelines.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Risk varies by position
Brain injuries in soccer tend to occur when two players clash heads when going for ball or as the result of an elbow to the head. A recent study by the Federal Institute of Sports Sciences has found that the risk of head injury in soccer varies according to a player's position. Defenders are most at risk, followed by midfielders and strikers. The risk is by far the lowest for goalkeepers.
Seven facts about brain injuries
Which is the worst sport for concussions?
A study conducted by the Federal Institute for Sports Sciences, showed that rugby players are at the highest risk among athletes of suffering concussion. They are followed by American football players, ice hockey players and basketball players. Brain injuries are not as common in soccer, but in Germany, where it is the biggest sport, in absolute terms, it is where the most concussions occur.
Among the confounding aspects of the novel coronavirus is the wide range of disease severity patients experience. While a minority of COVID-19 patients require hospitalization, the effects of infection for these people are dramatic and in some cases life threatening.
Why do some people get severe and life-threatening COVID-19, while others suffer no symptoms or just mild ones?
Older vs. younger
Age is one risk factor. Compared to younger patients, middle-aged and older ones are far more likely to suffer symptoms, to be hospitalized and to die. One recent analysis of Chinese data estimated the chance of death in confirmed COVID-19 cases at more than 13% for patients 80 and older, compared to about 0.15% for patients in their 30s, and virtually 0% for patients under 20. Blast billiards mac os. A study of early U.S. cases by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) had similar findings.
Partly this may be explained by the fact that older immune systems tend to be less efficient at clearing viral infections. However, that's probably not the full story. 'People in their 40s, 50s, and 60s generally aren't hit by other viral infections, such as flu, the way they're hit by COVID-19,' said Dr. Fred Pelzman, associate professor of clinical medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine and associate attending physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center.
Severe COVID-19 is driven not just by viral damage to cells but by a reactive 'storm' of inflammation that harms the lungs and other organs. There may be changes in different parts of the immune system from aging that make the middle-aged more vulnerable to this storm than younger patients, even if they are healthy and have no underlying medical conditions. There may also be lifestyle factors, such as a greater likelihood of encountering the virus in social and work settings that middle-aged people frequent, that contribute to their vulnerability, Pelzman said.
Children can get COVID-19 infections, but are largelyspared severe illness. Again, the reason isn't clear. One suggestion from studies of other viruses, including the related coronavirus that caused the 2002-04 SARS epidemic, is that children and younger animals may be much less likely to develop an inflammatory storm when infected.
Men vs. women
Men and women appear to get COVID-19 at roughly equal rates, but in most countries men are much more likely to die of it. In Italy and Ireland, for example, males account for about 70% of COVID-19 deaths.
There is no shortage of hypotheses for this difference. One is that there are sex differences in the immune response – studies of influenza, for example, have found that older men tend to have worse outcomes than older women. Men also are more likely to drink alcohol, which weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to pneumonia. Men are much more likely to smoke tobacco, which weakens immunity and overall lung function, primes the lungs and other vital organs for greater inflammation, and leads to greater susceptibility to respiratory infections and pneumonia. Chinese clinicians treating COVID-19 cases early this year found that a history of cigarette smoking was a very strong risk factor in predicting worse disease outcomes.
Even so, the studies needed to determine the factors underlying men's extra vulnerability just haven't been done yet, Pelzman emphasized.
Underlying medical conditions
Patients who develop serious or fatal COVID-19 are disproportionately likely to have at least one major underlying health condition, such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, asthma, kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
In some cases, the possible explanations for these links are obvious. Diabetes and obesity are associated with a weaker resistance to infections; a letter from Weill Cornell Medicine physicians published on April 17 in the New England Journal of Medicine suggested that obesity, particularly in men, was associated with treatment requiring mechanical ventilation. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder involve reduced lung function, and a greater susceptibility to lung inflammation; moreover, patients with these disorders often use corticosteroid immune-suppressing drugs, which reduce immunity to respiratory infections. In general, any serious underlying medical condition can make a vital organ less able to withstand the biological stresses caused by an infection and resulting inflammation.
Some researchers have suggested that common treatments for high blood pressure and diabetes may worsen COVID-19 risk, based on the fact that these drugs can boost the levels of ACE2, a cell-surface enzyme that the COVID-19 coronavirus uses to get into cells. However, there is no clinical evidence that these drugs worsen risk, and doctors generally have not advised patients to stop taking them.
Many people take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen for chronic conditions such as arthritis. These drugs are known to stress the kidneys when taken long-term and may even cause chronic kidney disease. That is potentially a problem in the context of COVID-19 because the infection often attacks the kidneys. Some intensive care specialists have observed unexpectedly severe cases of COVID-19 in people with histories of long-term NSAID use, Pelzman said.
Having an unusually weakened immune system, for example due to cancer treatments, organ transplants, or other conditions requiring patients to take immune-suppressing drugs, is another factor that may greatly increase the susceptibility to serious COVID-19 infection – and make people more contagious during infection. Doctors have been advising those with suppressed immune systems to be extra careful to avoid potential exposure to the virus, for example by staying home, and washing hands frequently.
Race
There is emerging evidence that African Americans are disproportionately likely to develop severe COVID-19. Currently in Louisiana, for example, this group accounts for about 70% of COVID-19 deaths, although they make up only a third of the state population. Similar discrepancies are found in many other states. It is simply too early to know what accounts for this apparent vulnerability, but possible factors include African Americans' relatively high rates of medical conditions already linked to severe COVID-19, including hypertension, kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes. Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, access to health care and health insurance may also play a role.
Immune system ‘gaps'
Some people who seem perfectly healthy and are not considered immune-deficient may nevertheless have inherited immune system features that leave them more vulnerable than average to certain viral infections. This may be due to random genetic variation as well as ethnic background – in principle, populations with less historical exposure to coronaviruses could be more vulnerable to COVID-19. Research linking immune system gene variants to COVID-19 susceptibility is just beginning, however.
Viral dose
Doctors have long known that the amount, or 'dose,' of exposure to an infectious agent can be an important determinant of disease severity. Researchers now are looking at this as a factor that possibly explains why some otherwise healthy people are hit so hard by COVID-19.
'Catching a low dose from someone who was mildly symptomatic on the subway may involve a lower risk of severe illness,' Pelzman said, 'compared to catching a high dose from a very sick and highly contagious patient.'
Viral strain
SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a single-stranded RNA virus that has the ability to mutate quickly. Over time, and as it spreads around the world, it will develop genetically distinct strains. Some of these strains may spread more easily, or cause more severe disease. However, to date there is no evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 viruses circulating now are clinically very different from each other or that their minor genetic differences explain the range of symptom severity patients are experiencing.
Unknowns
Ultimately, researchers will need time to analyze the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 and evaluate the characteristics of patients who become infected in order to tease out the complex factors that explain why some people get mortally sick while others get only a brief fever and cough – or no symptoms at all.
When Covid Attacks Mac Os Pro
Said Pelzman: 'While we wish we had all the answers, we clearly don't yet.'
Jim Schnabel is a freelance writer for Weill Cornell Medicine.
Media Contact
Krystle Lopez
